N-糖蛋白去糖基化酶（PNGase）的研究进展

N-糖蛋白去糖基化酶（PNGase）是一种广泛存在于真菌、植物、哺乳动物中的去糖基化酶，可以水解N-糖蛋白或 N-糖肽上天冬酰胺与寡糖链连接的化学键，并释放出完整的N-寡糖。PNGase在生物体内参与蛋白质降解、器官发育、个体生长等过程。人PNGase基因功能缺陷会导致先天性去糖基化障碍，小鼠PNGase缺陷会导致胚胎致死性，线虫PNGase缺陷使其寿命下降。本文对PNGase在不同物种的分布、蛋白质结构、酶学功能及生物学功能进行阐述，为PNGase的生理病理功能及致病机制的基础研究提供思路，为PNGase作为糖生物学工具酶或药物开发的创新应用研究奠定基础。     

Reproductive competition between females in the matrilineal Mosuo of southwestern China

The matrilineal Mosuo of southwestern China live in communal households where brothers and sisters of three generations live together (duolocal residence), and men visit their wives, who reside elsewhere, only at night in ‘visiting’ marriages. Here we show that these communally breeding sisters are in reproductive conflict, in the sense that they share the resources needed to reproduce. We analyse determinants of reproductive success in females and males, and show that co-resident female kin are in competition; the more female kin reside in the household, the more reproductive success is reduced. Male reproductive success, however, is not determined by the kin in his natal household; duolocal males are not in reproductive conflict with their siblings. Competition with female cousins can be worse than that between sisters. We also find that female work on the farm (which is the main communal resource) is not equal. We use a ‘tug-of-war’ model of reproductive skew generated by incomplete control, to model the patterns of effort put into competition between sisters and cousins. The model predicts that more dominant (older) sisters will put less effort into reproductive conflict than will less dominant (younger) sisters; but younger sisters will also have lower reproductive success because they are less efficient at gaining access to the shared resource. Both predictions are consistent with our data. Younger sisters work less in the fields than do older sisters, which may represent a form of conflict or may be because their average relatedness to the household is lower than that of their more fertile older sisters.     

美沙酮维持治疗188例海洛因成瘾者的临床疗效分析

目的：了解188例海洛因成瘾者在本门诊治疗的情况以及美沙酮口服液治疗188例海洛因成瘾者的观察分析。方法：收集本门诊由国家工作组制定的申请表及基线调查表188份,均由门诊医生实名登记和调查。结果：通过美沙维持治疗,患者和其家属均表示认可和接受,均认为是有效,治疗方法是可行的。结论：患者恢复了自信,可维持正常人的生活,67.2%的静脉注射海洛因的患者减少了注射的次数,降低了感染爱滋病的机率（见表1,P〈0.01）。但同时,如何使患者维持治疗时间的长久,需要家庭、社会多方面的支持等因素有待探讨。     

去甲肾上腺素、甘氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和L-谷氨酸对节段性与下行性脊髓场电位的影响

在麻醉的大鼠脊髓背部表面,记录刺激腓神经引起的节段性脊髓场电位(SP)与刺激C_2背索引起的下行性脊髓场电位(DP),观察在脊髓表面局部施加去甲肾上腺素(NE),甘氨酸(GLY),γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和L-谷氨酸(L-GLU)时SP与DP的变化。结果表明,NE使SP与DP的N、P波波幅均明显降低,GLY、GABA、L-GLU明显降低SP与DP的N波波幅同时使SP与DP的P波明显增大。本文讨论了可能的作用机制。     

退耕还林还草工程对陕北地区生态系统服务价值时空演变的影响

基于陕北地区1990、2000、2015年土地利用数据，运用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子法、格网法、探索性空间数据法（ESDA），分析了退耕还林还草工程实施前后生态系统服务价值（ESV）的空间分布和演化规律，探讨了退耕还林还草工程对ESV的影响。结果表明：（1）陕北地区退耕还林还草工程实施效果显著，工程实施后共有297066.15 hm2耕地转化为林地和草地，林草覆盖率由57.33%增长至60.50%。（2）退耕还林还草工程使得陕北地区ESV得到了显著提升。25年间陕北地区ESV共增加了32.82亿元，ESV在工程实施后比工程实施前多增加了5.93亿元，增长主要源于退耕引起林地和草地面积的增加。（3）ESV空间分布上呈显著的“南高北低”分布格局，并表现出正向的集聚性和依存性，ESV热点区和冷点区集聚效果明显，热点区集聚与林地、草地的空间分布相吻合，冷点区集聚与未利用地、耕地和建设用地的空间分布相吻合。（4）受退耕还林还草工程影响，陕北地区中部中等等级和次高ESV分布区域逐渐增大、次热点区空间集聚性逐渐增强，北部次低等级和低等级ESV分布区域逐渐减少、冷点区空间集聚性逐渐减弱。整体而言，陕北地区土地利用类型转移和ESV的增减变化与推行退耕还林还草工程在时间上相呼应、在空间上相匹配，退耕还林还草工程实施使得陕北地区生态环境得到了有效改善，ESV得到了显著提升。